The effects of methylparaben exposure on drinking water bacteria virulence and tolerance to antibiotics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48797/sl.2025.322Keywords:
Selected Oral CommunicationAbstract
Background: Parabens, widely used as preservatives in personal care products, pose an increased global concern due to their impact on environmental microbial communities, particularly in drinking water (DW), and potential risks to public health. Among different parabens detected in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), methylparaben (MP) is the most prevalent at elevated concentrations, raising serious health concerns [1]. Objective: This study evaluated the effects of MP exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations of MP (15 µg/L) on bacterial tolerance to antibiotics and virulence. Methods: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia both isolated from a DWDS were exposed to MP for a long period. The susceptibility to antibiotics (ceftazidime - CEF; levofloxacin - LEV; minocycline - MINO; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole - TMP-SMX) was evaluated in the 5th and 10th weeks by the disk diffusion susceptibility methods according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Bacterial virulence was studied in terms of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) production and properties [2], their ability to form biofilms and invade hosts cells [3 - human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Results: Increased tolerance to TMP-SMX and CEF was observed to A. calcoaceticus after MP exposure for 5 and 10 weeks, respectively. The exposure to MP for 7 days was also able to change the properties of bacterial released OMVs, which are critical to bacterial virulence. MP-exposed A. calcoaceticus biofilm cells generated larger OMVs, while planktonic cells released smaller OMVs compared to their non-exposed counterparts. In S. maltophilia, MP exposure led to an increase in lipid content of biofilm-derived OMVs but resulted in a reduction in both lipid content and OMV concentration in planktonic cells. Additionally, MP exposure significantly enhanced biofilm formation in both species, further reinforcing bacterial virulence. Notably, MP-exposed A. calcoaceticus planktonic cells demonstrated an increased capacity to invade HGF, suggesting that MP contamination may exacerbate bacterial virulence. Conclusions: These findings reveal how MP exposure can drive bacterial adaptation by increasing antibiotic tolerance and enhancing interconnected virulence mechanisms - including OMV production, biofilm formation, and host cell invasion - posing significant health risks in DWDS.References
1. Pereira, A. R. et al. Parabens as environmental contaminants of aquatic systems affecting water quality and microbial dynamics. Sci Total Environ 2023, 905, 167332, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167332.
2. Pereira, S. et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanoparticles against Listeria monocytogenes. Polymers 2023, 15, 3759, doi: 10.3390/polym15183759.
3. Edwards, A. M. & Massey, R. C. Invasion of human cells by a bacterial pathogen. J Vis Exp 2011, 2693, doi: 10.3791/2693.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Pereira, Liliana Grenho, Inês Gomes, Manuel Simões

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In Scientific Letters, articles are published under a CC-BY license (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License), the most open license available. The users can share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially), as long as they give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made (read the full text of the license terms and conditions of use).
The author is the owner of the copyright.