@article{Ribeiro_Félix_Ribeiro_Monteiro_Carrola_2023, title={Zebrafish as a valuable vertebrate model to study teratogenicity of pharmaceuticals and psychoactive substances}, volume={1}, url={https://publicacoes.cespu.pt/index.php/sl/article/view/82}, DOI={10.48797/sl.2023.82}, abstractNote={<p><strong>Background:</strong> The number of pharmaceuticals and psychoactive substances on the market increases each year, posing a need to understand their teratogenic effects on vertebrates. In the last two decades, there has been a growing interest in alternative vertebrate models, as part of the 3 R’s principle (<em>Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement</em>) which led to the increased use of the zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) [1]. Besides, the easy observation of embryo development and the early developmental stages are not classified as experimental animals in the guidelines of the European Directive 2010/63/EU [2], which highlights the ethical advantages in teratogenic potential evaluation [3]. <strong>Objective:</strong> The study aimed to make a minireview of zebrafish as a model to assess the potential of teratogenicity of pharmaceuticals and psychoactive substances and analyse the major methodologies used to evaluate the malformations severity. <strong>Methods:</strong> The scientific literature search was done using <em>ScienceDirect</em> and <em>PubMed </em>search engine, looking for: zebrafish, <em>Danio rerio</em>, ecotoxicology, toxicology, malformations, teratogenicity, teratogen potential, and a selection of original papers and review was done. <strong>Results:</strong> This review confirm that zebrafish is a good model to make a pre-screening of the teratogenicity of pharmaceuticals and psychoactive substances, among others. However, the results reflect that several methodologies are used to assess the zebrafish malformations, showing a high variability and inconsistency in the evaluated endpoints and the nomenclature used. Additionally, each study uses its own scale of malformations severity, which can be evaluated using a quantitative method (different degrees of severity) or a binary method (present or absent). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Zebrafish are a suitable alternative and complementary model to rodents (and other vertebrates) for massive screening of the potential teratogenic substances despite presenting differences for rodents. In addition, there is a need to standardize the classification and severity system for assessing malformations to improve the reproducibility and comparison between studies.</p>}, number={Sup 1}, journal={Scientific Letters}, author={Ribeiro , O. and Félix , L. and Ribeiro , C. and Monteiro , S. M. and Carrola , J. S.}, year={2023}, month={Apr.} }

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